Pseudo-classes

A CSS pseudo-class is a keyword added to a selector that specifies a special state of the selected element(s). For example, :hover can be used to change a button's color when the user's pointer hovers over it.

/* Any button over which the user's pointer is hovering */
button:hover {
  color: blue;
}

Pseudo-classes let you apply a style to an element not only in relation to the content of the document tree, but also in relation to external factors like the history of the navigator (:visited, for example), the status of its content (like :checked on certain form elements), or the position of the mouse (like :hover, which lets you know if the mouse is over an element or not).

Note: In contrast to pseudo-classes, pseudo-elements can be used to style a specific part of an element.

Linguistic pseudo-classes

These pseudo-classes reflect the document language, and enable the selection of elements based on language or script direction.

:dir: The directionality pseudo-class selects an element based on its directionality as determined by the document language.
:lang: Select an element based on its content language.

Location pseudo-classes

These pseudo-classes relate to links, and to targeted elements within the current document.

:any-link: Matches an element if the element would match either :link or :visited.
:link: Matches links that have not yet been visited.
:visited: Matches links that have been visited.
:local-link: Matches links whose absolute URL is the same as the target URL, for example anchor links to the same page.
:target: Matches the element which is the target of the document URL.
:target-within: Matches elements which are the target of the document URL, but also elements which have a descendant which is the target of the document URL.
:scope: Represents elements that are a reference point for selectors to match against.

User action pseudo-classes

These pseudo-classes require some interaction by the user in order for them to apply, such as holding a mouse pointer over an element.

:hover: Matches when a user designates an item with a pointing device, for example holding the mouse pointer over it.
:active: Matches when an item is being activated by the user, for example clicked on.
:focus: Matches when an element has focus.
:focus-visible: Matches when an element has focus and the user agent identifies that the element should be visibly focused.
:focus-within: Matches an element to which :focus applies, plus any element that has a descendant to which :focus applies.

Time-dimensional pseudo-classes

These pseudo-classes apply when viewing something which has timing, such as a WebVTT caption track.

:current: Represents the element or ancestor of the element that is being displayed.
:past: Represents an element that occurs entirely before the :current element.
:future: Represents an element that occurs entirely after the :current element.

Resource state pseudo-classes

These pseudo-classes apply to media that is capable of being in a state where it would be described as playing, such as a video.

:playing: Represents a media element that is capable of playing when that element is playing.
:paused: Represents a media element that is capable of playing when that element is paused.

The input pseudo-classes

These pseudo-classes relate to form elements, and enable selecting elements based on HTML attributes and the state that the field is in before and after interaction.

:autofill: Matches when an <input> has been autofilled by the browser.
:enabled: Represents a user interface element that is in an enabled state.
:disabled: Represents a user interface element that is in a disabled state.
:read-only: Represents any element that cannot be changed by the user.
:read-write: Represents any element that is user-editable.
:placeholder-shown: Matches an input element that is displaying placeholder text, for example from the HTML5 placeholder attribute.
:default: Matches one or more UI elements that are the default among a set of elements.
:checked: Matches when elements such as checkboxes and radiobuttons are toggled on.
:indeterminate: Matches when UI elements are in an indeterminate state.
:blank: Matches a user-input element which is empty, containing an empty string or other null input.
:valid: Matches an element with valid contents. For example an input element with type 'email' which contains a validly formed email address.
:invalid: Matches an element with invalid contents. For example an input element with type 'email' with a name entered.
:in-range: Applies to elements with range limitations, for example a slider control, when the selected value is in the allowed range.
:out-of-range: Applies to elements with range limitations, for example a slider control, when the selected value is outside the allowed range.
:required: Matches when a form element is required.
:optional: Matches when a form element is optional.
:user-invalid: Represents an element with incorrect input, but only when the user has interacted with it.

Tree-structural pseudo-classes

These pseudo-classes relate to the location of an element within the document tree.

:root: Represents an element that is the root of the document. In HTML this is usually the <html> element.
:empty: Represents an element with no children other than white-space characters.
:nth-child: Uses An+B notation to select elements from a list of sibling elements.
:nth-last-child: Uses An+B notation to select elements from a list of sibling elements, counting backwards from the end of the list.
:first-child: Matches an element that is the first of its siblings.
:last-child: Matches an element that is the last of its siblings.
:only-child: Matches an element that has no siblings. For example a list item with no other list items in that list.
:nth-of-type: Uses An+B notation to select elements from a list of sibling elements that match a certain type from a list of sibling elements.
:nth-last-of-type: Uses An+B notation to select elements from a list of sibling elements that match a certain type from a list of sibling elements counting backwards from the end of the list.
:first-of-type: Matches an element that is the first of its siblings, and also matches a certain type selector.
:last-of-type: Matches an element that is the last of its siblings, and also matches a certain type selector.
:only-of-type: Matches an element that has no siblings of the chosen type selector.

Syntax

selector:pseudo-class {
  property: value;
}

Like regular classes, you can chain together as many pseudo-classes as you want in a selector.

Alphabetical index

Pseudo-classes defined by a set of CSS specifications include the following:

:blank

:user-invalid

:where()

Specifications

Specification	Status	Comment
Fullscreen API	Living Standard	Defined `:fullscreen`.
HTML Living Standard	Living Standard	Defines when particular selectors match HTML elements.
Selectors Level 4	Working Draft	Defined `:any-link`, `:blank`, `:local-link`, `:scope`, `:drop`, `:current`, `:past`, `:future`, `:placeholder-shown`, `:user-invalid`, `:nth-col()`, `:nth-last-col()`, `:is()` and `:where()`. Changed `:empty` to behave like `:-moz-only-whitespace` . No significant change for other pseudo-classes defined in Selectors Level 3 and HTML5 (though semantic meaning not taken over).
HTML5	Recommendation	Copies the relevant section from the canonical (WHATWG) HTML spec.
CSS Basic User Interface Module Level 3	Recommendation	Defined `:default`, `:valid`, `:invalid`, `:in-range`, `:out-of-range`, `:required`, `:optional`, `:read-only` and `:read-write`, but without the associated semantic meaning.
Selectors Level 3	Recommendation	Defined `:target`, `:root`, `:nth-child()`, `:nth-last-of-child()`, `:nth-of-type()`, `:nth-last-of-type()`, `:last-child`, `:first-of-type`, `:last-of-type`, `:only-child`, `:only-of-type`, `:empty` and `:not()`. Defined the syntax of `:enabled`, `:disabled`, `:checked`, and `:indeterminate`, but without the associated semantic meaning. No significant change for pseudo-classes defined in CSS Level 2 (Revision 1).
CSS Level 2 (Revision 1)	Recommendation	Defined `:lang()`, `:first-child`, `:hover`, and `:focus`. No significant change for pseudo-classes defined in CSS Level 1.
CSS Level 1	Recommendation	Defined `:link`, `:visited` and `:active`, but without the associated semantic meaning.