File Format Conversion

Emacs performs several steps to convert the data in a buffer (text, text properties, and possibly other information) to and from a representation suitable for storing into a file. This section describes the fundamental functions that perform this format conversion, namely insert-file-contents for reading a file into a buffer, and write-region for writing a buffer into a file.

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https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/elisp/Format-Conversion.html