Error handling

Exception handling

The header <exception> provides several classes and functions related to exception handling in C++ programs.

Defined in header <exception>
exception	base class for exceptions thrown by the standard library components (class)
Capture and storage of exception objects
uncaught_exceptionuncaught_exceptions (deprecated in c++17)(removed in C++20)(C++17)	checks if exception handling is currently in progress (function)
exception_ptr (C++11)	shared pointer type for handling exception objects (typedef)
make_exception_ptr (C++11)	creates an std::exception_ptr from an exception object (function template)
current_exception (C++11)	captures the current exception in a std::exception_ptr (function)
rethrow_exception (C++11)	throws the exception from an std::exception_ptr (function)
nested_exception (C++11)	a mixin type to capture and store current exceptions (class)
throw_with_nested (C++11)	throws its argument with std::nested_exception mixed in (function template)
rethrow_if_nested (C++11)	throws the exception from a std::nested_exception (function template)
Handling of failures in exception handling
Defined in header <exception>
terminate	function called when exception handling fails (function)
terminate_handler	the type of the function called by std::terminate (typedef)
get_terminate (C++11)	obtains the current terminate_handler (function)
set_terminate	changes the function to be called by std::terminate (function)
bad_exception	exception thrown when std::current_exception fails to copy the exception object (class)
Handling of exception specification violations (removed in C++17)
unexpected (removed in C++17)	function called when dynamic exception specification is violated (function)
unexpected_handler (removed in C++17)	the type of the function called by std::unexpected (typedef)
get_unexpected (C++11)(removed in C++17)	obtains the current unexpected_handler (function)
set_unexpected (removed in C++17)	changes the function to be called by std::unexpected (function)

Exception categories

Several convenience classes are predefined in the header <stdexcept> to report particular error conditions. These classes can be divided into two categories: logic errors and runtime errors. Logic errors are a consequence of faulty logic within the program and may be preventable. Runtime errors are due to events beyond the scope of the program and can not be easily predicted.

Defined in header <stdexcept>
logic_error	exception class to indicate violations of logical preconditions or class invariants (class)
invalid_argument	exception class to report invalid arguments (class)
domain_error	exception class to report domain errors (class)
length_error	exception class to report attempts to exceed maximum allowed size (class)
out_of_range	exception class to report arguments outside of expected range (class)
runtime_error	exception class to indicate conditions only detectable at run time (class)
range_error	exception class to report range errors in internal computations (class)
overflow_error	exception class to report arithmetic overflows (class)
underflow_error	exception class to report arithmetic underflows (class)
tx_exception (TM TS)	exception class to cancel atomic transactions (class template)

Error numbers

Defined in header <cerrno>
errno	macro which expands to POSIX-compatible thread-local error number variable (macro variable)
E2BIG, EACCES, ..., EXDEV	macros for standard POSIX-compatible error conditions (macro constant)

Contract violations

The class contract_violation is used by the implementation to report information about a contract violation to the violation handler.

Defined in header <contract>
contract_violation (C++20)	provides information about contract violation generated by an implementation (class)

Assertions

Assertions help to implement checking of preconditions in programs.

static assertion

performs compile-time assertion checking (since C++11)

Defined in header <cassert>
assert	aborts the program if the user-specified condition is not true. May be disabled for release builds (function macro)

System error

The header <system_error> defines types and functions used to report error conditions originating from the operating system, streams I/O, std::future, or other low-level APIs.

Defined in header <system_error>
error_category (C++11)	base class for error categories (class)
generic_category (C++11)	identifies the generic error category (function)
system_category (C++11)	identifies the operating system error category (function)
error_condition (C++11)	holds a portable error code (class)
errc (C++11)	the std::error_condition enumeration listing all standard <cerrno> macro constants (class)
error_code (C++11)	holds a platform-dependent error code (class)
system_error (C++11)	exception class used to report conditions that have an error_code (class)

See also